Kratom Research

Education is central to everything we do. We aim to empower individuals worldwide with access to accurate kratom information. Explore kratom research by topic below.

In Vitro

Explore the in vitro pharmacology of kratom and the active compounds extracted from the plant, alkaloids.

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Kratom Use Patterns

Learn from survey and qualitative data how kratom has been used traditionally and in modern times to combat fatigue, improve mood, and decrease pain.

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Preclinical In Vivo

Explore the preclinical in vivo studies of kratom and the active compounds extracted from the plant, alkaloids.

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Kratom Alkaloids

Understand the two distinct areas of kratom research: studying the safety and efficacy of whole leaf kratom products vs. isolated kratom alkaloids.

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Kratom Alkaloids: Interactions With Enzymes, Receptors, and Cellular Barriers. (Hanapi et al. 2021) Kratom Alkaloids: Interactions With Enzymes, Receptors, and Cellular Barriers. (Hanapi et al. 2021) (Free)
Activity of Mitragyna speciosa ("Kratom") Alkaloids at Serotonin Receptors. (Leon et al. 2021)
The Adrenergic a2 Receptor-Mediated Discriminative-Stimulus Effects of Mitragynine, the Primary Alkaloid in Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa) in Rats. (Reeve et al. 2020) (Free)
Exploring the Chemistry of Alkaloids from Malaysian Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) and the Role of Oxindoles on Human Opioid Receptors. (Chear et al. 2021)
Investigation of the adrenergic and opioid binding affinities, metabolic stability, plasma protein binding properties, and functional effects of selected indole-based kratom alkaloids. (Obeng et al. 2020)
The Potential for Kratom as an Antidepressant and Antipsychotic. (Johnson et al. 2020) (Free)
Serotonin 5-HT1A Receptor Activity of Kratom Alkaloids Mitragynine, Paynantheine, and Speciogynine. (Obeng et al. 2021)
Synthetic and receptor signaling explorations of the mitragyna alkaloids: Mitragynine as an atypical molecular framework for opioid receptor modulators. (Kruegel et al. 2016)
Bioanalytical method development and validation of corynantheidine, a kratom alkaloid, using UPLC-MS/MS, and its application to preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. (King et al. 2020)
Evaluating kratom alkaloids using PHASE. (Ellis et al. 2020) (Free)
Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal using kratom (Mitragynia speciosa korth). (Boyer et al. 2008)
Evaluation of In Vitro Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) Properties of Mitragynine, 7-Hydroxymitragynine, and Mitraphylline. (Manda et al. 2014)
Pharmacokinetics of mitragynine, a major analgesic alkaloid in kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): A systematic review. (Ya et al. 2019)
Monitoring of kratom or Krypton intake in urine using GC-MS in clinical and forensic toxicology. (Philipp et al. 2011)
Phase I and II metabolites of speciogynine, a diastereomer of the main Kratom alkaloid mitragynine, identified in rat and human urine by liquid chromatography coupled to low- and high-resolution linear ion trap mass spectrometry. (Philipp et al. 2010)
Metabolism studies of the Kratom alkaloid speciociliatine, a diastereomer of the main alkaloid mitragynine, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. (Philipp et al. 2011)
Use of liquid chromatography coupled to low- and high-resolution linear ion trap mass spectrometry for studying the metabolism of paynantheine, an alkaloid of the herbal drug Kratom in rat and human urine. (Philipp et al. 2010)
Studies on the metabolism of mitragynine, the main alkaloid of the herbal drug Kratom, in rat and human urine using liquid chromatography-linear ion trap mass spectrometry. (Philipp et al. 2009)
Metabolism of Speciociliatine, an Overlooked Kratom Alkaloid for its Potential Pharmacological Effects. (Kamble et al. 2022) (Free)
Metabolite profiling and identification of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of mitragynine, the major alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom). (Kamble et al. 2019)

Scientific Database

Explore our curated database of scientific research. Select a drop down below to view studies conducted on each of the topics.

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Mitragyna speciosa Korth methanolic extract. (Shaik et al. 2009)
Comparative effects of Mitragyna speciosa extract, mitragynine, and opioid agonists on thermal nociception in rats. (Carpenter et al. 2016)
The evaluation of antinociceptive activity of alkaloid, methanolic, and aqueous extracts of Malaysian Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaves in rats. (Sabetghadam et al. 2010) (Free)
Suppressive effect of mitragynine on the 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine-induced head-twitch response in mice. (Matsumoto et al. 1997)
Investigation of the adrenergic and opioid binding affinities, metabolic stability, plasma protein binding properties, and functional effects of selected indole-based kratom alkaloids. (Obeng et al. 2020) (Free)
Studies on the synthesis and opioid agonistic activities of mitragynine-related indole alkaloids: discovery of opioid agonists structurally different from other opioid ligands. (Takayama et al. 2002)
Central antinociceptive effects of mitragynine in mice: contribution of descending noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. (Matsumoto et al. 1996)
Mitragynine, bioactive alkaloid of kratom, reduces chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain in rats through α-adrenoceptor mechanism. (Foss et al. 2020) (Free)
Activity of Mitragyna speciosa ("Kratom") Alkaloids at Serotonin Receptors. (Leon et al. 2021) (Free)
Anxiolytic-like effects of mitragynine in the open-field and elevated plus-maze tests in rats. (Hazim et al. 2014) (Free)
The effects on motor behaviour and short-term memory tasks in mice following an acute administration of Mitragyna speciosa alkaloid extract and mitragynine. (Hazim et al. 2011) (Free)
Mitragyna speciosa Leaf Extract Exhibits Antipsychotic-Like Effect with the Potential to Alleviate Positive and Negative Symptoms of Psychosis in Mice. (Vijeepallam et al. 2016) (Free)
Lyophilized Kratom Tea as a Therapeutic Option for Opioid Dependence. (Wilson et al. 2020)
Kratom Alkaloids, Natural and Semi-Synthetic, Show Less Physical Dependence and Ameliorate Opioid Withdrawal. (Wilson et al., 2021) (Free)
Mitragynine Attenuates Morphine Withdrawal Effects in Rats-A Comparison With Methadone and Buprenorphine. (Hassan et al. 2020) (Free)
Mitragynine reduced morphine-induced conditioned place preference and withdrawal in rodents. (Meepong et al. 2019)
The effect of mitragynine on cAMP formation and mRNA expression of mu-opioid receptors mediated by chronic morphine treatment in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell. (Jamil et al. 2013)
The combination of mitragynine and morphine prevents the development of morphine tolerance in mice. Molecules. (Fakurazi et al. 2013) (Free)
Abuse liability of mitragynine assessed with a self-administration procedure in rats. (Yue et al. 2018)
Abuse liability and therapeutic potential of the Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) alkaloids mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. (Hemby et al. 2019)
Effect of Mitragyna speciosa aqueous extract on ethanol withdrawal symptoms in mice. (Kumarnsit et al. 2007)
Effects of an alkaloid-rich extract from Mitragyna speciosa leaves and fluoxetine on sleep profiles, EEG spectral frequency and ethanol withdrawal symptoms in rats. (Cheaha et al. 2015)
G protein-biased kratom-alkaloids and synthetic carfentanil-amide opioids as potential treatments for alcohol use disorder. (Gutridge et al. 2020) (Free)
Methanolic extract of Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaf inhibits ethanol seeking behaviour in mice: involvement of antidopaminergic mechanism. (Vijeepallam et al. 2019)
The Adrenergic a2 Receptor‐Mediated Discriminative‐Stimulus Effects of Mitragynine, the Primary Alkaloid in Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa) in Rats. (Reeve et al. 2020) (Free)
Assessing physiological dependence and withdrawal potential of mitragynine using schedule-controlled behaviour in rats. (Harun et al. 2020)
Pharmacokinetics of mitragynine, a major analgesic alkaloid in kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): A systematic review. (Ya et al. 2019)
Pharmacokinetics of eleven kratom alkaloids following an oral dose of either traditional or commercial kratom products in rats. (Kamble et al. 2021) (Free)
Pharmacokinetics and safety of mitragynine in beagle dogs. (Maxwell et al. 2020) (Free)
Evaluation of pharmacokinetics and blood-brain barrier permeability of mitragynine using in vivo microdialysis technique. (Kong et al. 2017)
Comparative pharmacokinetics of mitragynine after oral administration of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) leaf extracts in rats. (Avery et al. 2019)
Preclinical pharmacokinetic study of speciociliatine, a kratom alkaloid, in rats using an UPLC-MS/MS method. (Berthold et al. 2021)
Oral Pharmacokinetics in Beagle Dogs of the Mitragynine Metabolite, 7-Hydroxymitragynine. (Maxwell et al. 2021) (Free)
The Lack of Contribution of 7-Hydroxymitragynine to the Antinociceptive Effects of Mitragynine in Mice: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study. (Berthold et al. 2022) (Free)
Bioanalytical method development and validation of corynantheidine, a kratom alkaloid, using UPLC-MS/MS, and its application to preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. (King et al. 2020) (Free)

Effect of regular kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use on quality of life of people who use kratom. (Leon et al. 2021)
Public Perceptions toward Kratom (Mitragyna Speciosa) Use in Malaysia. (Singh et al. 2020)
Mitragyna speciosa use in the northern states of Malaysia: a cross-sectional study. (Ahmad et al. 2012)
The Use of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Among People Who Co-use Heroin and Methamphetamine in Malaysia. (Singh et al. 2022)
Polydrug use among kratom users: Findings from the 2011 Thailand National Household Survey. (Likhitsathian et al. 2018)
Kratom as a substitute for opioids: Results from an online survey. (Coe et al, 2019)
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): User demographics, use patterns, and implications for the opioid epidemic. (Garcia-Romeu et al. 2020)
Exploring the self-reported motivations of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use: a cross-sectional investigation. (Grundmann et al. 2022)

An entourage effect: inactive endogenous fatty acid glycerol esters enhance 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol cannabinoid activity. (Ben-Shabat et al. 1998)
The Case for the Entourage Effect and Conventional Breeding of Clinical Cannabis: No "Strain," No Gain. (Russo et al. 2018) (Free)
The 'entourage effect' or 'hodge-podge hashish': the questionable rebranding, marketing, and expectations of cannabis polypharmacy. (Cogan et al. 2020)
The "Entourage Effect": Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders. (Ferber et al. 2020) (Free)
Terpenoids From Cannabis Do Not Mediate an Entourage Effect by Acting at Cannabinoid Receptors. Front Pharmacol. (Finlay et al. 2020) (Free)
Talesnik D. 'Complex Symphony Orchestra' McCurdy Studies Whether Kratom Can Reduce Opioid Withdrawal, Ease Pain. (Talesnik et al. 2020) (Free)
Plant growth and phytoactive alkaloid synthesis in kratom [Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.)] in response to varying radiance. PLoS One. (Zhang et al. 2022) (Free)

Recent Articles

Not all kratom is equal: The important distinction between native leaf and extract products
(Grundmann et al. 2023)